We may think we are in control of our own behaviour, but there are many controls in place to prevent us from behaving in a way that is upsetting or dangerous to other people.

Informal social control takes place as a result of both primary and secondary socialization. At home or at school, for example, good behaviour will be rewarded with compliments, treats, smiles, kind words, certificates or high marks. Poor behaviour may be punished with low grades, curfews, withdrawn treats, stern words or detentions.

Formal social control involves more serious kinds of punishment if rules or laws are broken. You may be arrested, taken to court or imprisoned.

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Influences on education achievement

There are a number of factors which influence educational achievement and these are linked to the home, the school as well as policies made by the government.

Domestic factors

• Parental values: are passed onto the child from an early age. If the parents value education and the success it can bring, the child is likely to acquire these values. These parents are also more likely to monitor their children’s school progress.
• Educational background: Educated parents are in a better position to help with homework and are more likely to liaise with teachers regarding their child’s education.
• Economic circumstances: Better off parents are more able to provide a quiet environment and tools for study e.g. books, a PC, the Internet.
• Cultural background: Different cultures place different values on education, and this cultural attitude will be passed on to the child. The Chinese culture, for example, places great emphasis on educational attainment as a way of moving up in the world.