Learning through association
- Unconditioned response
- Unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned stimulus
- Conditioned response
- Extinction
- Spontaneous recovery
- Generalisation
- Discrimination
- Law of Effect
- Operant conditioning
- Positive reinforcement
- Negative reinforcement
Treating Phobias
- Flooding
- Systematic desensitization (hierarchy of fears)
- Changing unwanted behaviour
- Aversion therapy (use of emetics)
- Token economy programme (use of rewards)
- Ethical Issues
- Flooding and aversion therapy can be distressing
- Token economy doesn’t encourage internal desires to change
Learning through association
Treating Phobias
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Test It!
- Describe what process is involved in classical conditioning. Be sure to mention the following terms: unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR).
- What is meant by each of the following terms? Extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalisation and discrimination. You may wish to refer to Pavlov’s studies to illustrate your answer.
- What are some of the practical applications of classical conditioning?
- What is operant conditioning?
- What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?
- How might conditioning procedures be applied to the treatment of phobias?
- What ethical issues might be attached to these types of treatment?
- How does a token economy programme work?
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Some top tips!
- Print out the Test It! Questions – it will allow you to replicate exam conditions and also allows you to give your eyes a rest from the computer screen whilst doing your crucial revision.
- Make a copy of the Remember It! Section and put in a place that you often look at. i.e. front of a journal, next to a mirror, on a kitchen cupboard door, etc. That way you can do some cheeky psychology revision whilst doing those things you have to do!