• It’s important to calculate risk before undertaking an activity.
• Both players and authorities have their own responsibilities when it comes to safety.
• Rules of conduct reduce the risk of injury.
• An injury can be external or internal and can be caused by an internal or external force.
• If a bad injury is left untreated then this can lead to a chronic injury.
• Four common types of injury are soft tissue, joint, fractures and concussion.
• Environmental injuries can be caused by an athlete working in very hot (which can lead to dehydration) or very cold (which can lead to hypothermia) conditions.
• With an injury it’s important to assess it first by looking for the signs and asking the patient how they feel.
• If someone becomes unconscious you need to follow the DRABC checklist.
• When they start to breathe again independently you can roll them into the recovery position.
• If they stop breathing you need to carry out mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MMV).
• If their heart stops you’ll need to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

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Test it!

1. When taking part in a physical activity safety should be paramount.
   1. Some sports require special footwear to make the activity safer. Describe one such sport and how the footwear helps to prevent injury.
   2. Rules are in place not only to make the game fair but also safer. Provide an example where following the rules will help prevent injury.
2. If an athlete undertakes a sport in very hot or very cold conditions this can have a serious impact on their health.
   1. What is dehydration?
   2. If someone is suffering from dehydration what actions should be taken?
3. You’re playing a game of rugby and someone is knocked unconscious. What steps should you take if:
   1. they’re still breathing
   2. they’re not breathing put they have a pulse
   3. they have no pulse

ANSWERS

1. 1. Examples:
      1. Provide grip
      2. For ankle support
      3. Safety studs or spikes for a particular surface or conditions to prevent falling or slipping
      4. Cushioned soles to absorb impact
      5. Trampoline slippers help stop toes getting caught in the webbing
      6. Wearing dance shoes help prevent splinters
   2. Examples:
      1. Wearing a life jacket for water based activities
      2. Wearing shin pads in hockey to prevent shin injuries
      3. No foul play to prevent injury, for example in football
2. 1. This is where too much water is lost from the body
   2. Get the individual to lie down in a cool place. Elevate and support their legs and make sure that they drink plenty of water.
3. 1. Put them into the recovery position.
   2. Perform mouth-to-mouth ventilation (MMV):
      1. Put the casualty on their back.
      2. Tilt back their head, open their mouth and pinch their nose.
      3. Seal your mouth around theirs and breath out forcefully (you should be able to see their chest rise).
      4. Take your mouth away and allow the chest to fall.
      5. Continue to repeat with 10 breathes per minute until they either start breathing independently or the paramedics arrive
   3. Perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR):
      1. First do two breaths of mouth-to-mouth
      2. Then, interlocking your fingers over each other position the heel of your hands in the centre of the sternum or breastbone, not the ribs
      3. Keeping your arms straight push down on the sternum by about 4 to 5cm
      4. Release the pressure and allow the chest to come back up again completely before pushing down again
      5. Carry out 30 chest compression at a rate of 100 per minute
      6. Repeat the whole process until the paramedics arrive

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Some top tips!

1. Print out the Test It! Questions – it will allow you to replicate exam conditions and also allows you to give your eyes a rest from the computer screen whilst doing your crucial revision.
2. Make a copy of the Remember It! Section and put in a place that you often look at. i.e. front of a journal, next to a mirror, on a kitchen cupboard door, etc. That way you can do some cheeky PE revision whilst doing those things you have to do!

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